Healthy soil, which is also rich in organic matter, microbes and nutrients, is essential not only for agricultural productivity but also for enhancing air quality and water environments. However, in its latest analysis on Pakistan's soils, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has found that they generally suffer from low fertility and major nutrient deficiencies, including essential elements. The analysis notes that organic matter levels in most soils are critically low, weakening soil structure and reducing water retention.
In Pakistan, around 36 million hectares are classified as agricultural land as of 2022. Out of this, approximately 30.2 million hectares are used for arable farming, 5 million hectares for permanent meadows and pastures and 0.72 million hectares are dedicated to permanent crops. Around 2.5 million hectares of the country's total area are classified as forest land.
Pakistan’s soil is predominantly alkaline, with large areas affected by salinity and sodicity, particularly in irrigated agricultural areas. Erosion and pollution are also widespread issues. Moreover, organic matter levels critically low, leading to reduced soil structure, poor water retention. Extreme heat, erratic rainfall, prolonged floodwater stagnation and widespread tree loss have damaged soil structure and reduced the activity of crucial beneficial soil microorganisms responsible for nutrient cycling.
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