English Precis and Composition

One of the most significant developments of the century has been the remarkable improvement in the living standards of the working class, including greater political power, increased wealth and leisure, and better access to health, security, and education. In early civilizations, society was divided between a small ruling class that lived comfortably and the vast majority who labored with few rights or comforts; some were even slaves. The Industrial Revolution not only increased production but also highlighted workers' poverty, prompting demands for better conditions. Factory owners gradually recognized the need to treat workers fairly to retain skilled labor. Trade unions further accelerated reforms.

Title: Industrial Revolution and the Working Class

1. Shabby. The passage describes the couple's living conditions as having "shabby walls, worn furniture, and ugly upholstery", indicating a modest and impoverished environment.